Medical Terms

Introduction

A colleague once stumped me with a question: "What is the medical term for coughing out blood?".

  • My mind went blank for a moment.
  • In outpatient pharmacy, we are trained to avoid medical jargons with patients.

There are also times when patients describe symptoms in their native language (such as Mandarin), adding another layer to communication challenge.

NOTE: Each medical term has a root word that forms the foundation of its meaning. Prefixes and suffixes are then added to modify of clarify that meaning.



Prefixes

A, as in atypical - Opposite of the word

Bi, as in bilateral - Pertaining to two or both sides.

Brady, as in bradykinesia - Slow

Cardio, as in cardiologist - Heart

Dys, as in dysmenorrhea - Painful

Enceph, as in encephalopathy - Brain

Endo, as in endoscope - Within

Eu, as in euthyroid - Normal

Glyco, as in glycosuria - Sweet

Haem, as in haematuria - Blood

Hepato, as in hepatotoxicity - Liver

Hetero, as in heterosexual - Different, other

Homo, as in homograft - Same or alike

Hydro, as in hydrophobia - Water

Hyper, as in hypertension - High

Hypo, as in hypotension - Low

Macro, as in macrocyte - Large

Mal, as in malignant - Bad, ill, poor

Micro, as in microorganism - Small

Myo, as in myocarditis - Muscle

Necro, as in necrosis - Death

Nephro, as in nephrotoxicity - Kidney

Neuro, as in neuropathy - Nerve

Noct, as in nocturia - Night

Osteo, as in osteosarcoma - Bone

Patho, as in pathology - Disease

Pedia, as in pediatric - Child

Photo, as in photosensitivity - Light

Poly, as in polypharmacy - Many

Post, as in postoperative - After, behind

Pre, as in prenatal - Before

Pseudo, as in pseudocyst - False

Tachy, as in tachycardia - Fast

Uni, as in unilateral - One




Suffixes

Algia, as in arthralgia - Pain or soreness

Ase, as in Lipase - Enzyme

Ectomy, as in cholectomy - Surgical removal

Itis, as in arthritis - Inflammation

Lysis, as in haemolysis - Breaking down

Pnoea, as in tachypnoea - Breathing

Penia, as in osteopenia - Deficiency

Scopy, as in endoscopy - Visual examination

Stomy, as in vasotomy - Opening



Medical Terms 医学术语

Abortion 流产 - Ending a pregnancy using either medicines or an operation.

Achalasia 失弛缓症 - A rare disorder in which your oesophagus is unable to move food and liquids down into your stomach.

Abrasion 擦伤 - A cut or scrape that typically is not serious.

Abscess 脓肿 - A painful collection of pus under the skin or within the body.

Acne vulgaris 寻常型痤疮 (俗称青春痘) - An inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit.

Acute 急性 - Signifies a condition that begins abruptly and is sometimes severe, but the duration is short.

Adverse drug reaction 药物不良反应 - Unintended, harmful events attributed to the use of medicines.

Adjuvant therapy 辅助治疗- Extra therapy given after a primary treatment.

Aetiology 病因 - The cause (e.g. of a disease).

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 年龄相关性黄斑变性 (也称老年黄斑病变) - A disease that affects a person's central vision.

Agoraphobia 广场恐怖症 - Fear and avoidance of public places and open spaces.

AIDS 艾滋病 - The most advanced stage of HIV infection.

Akathisia 静坐不能 - Inability to stay still with constant movement (restlessness); can be due to antipsychotics.

Akinesia 运动不能 - Lack of voluntary movement; can be a symptom of Parkinson disease.

Allergic rhinitis 过敏性鼻炎 - Inflammation of the inside of the nose caused by an allergen.

Alogia 失语症 - Lack of speech.

Alopecia 脱发 - Hair loss.

Amblyopia 弱视 (俗称懒惰眼) - Reduced vision in one eye caused by abnormal visual development early in life.

Amenorrhea 闭经 - Absence of menstruation.

Amnesia 健忘症 - Loss of memory.

Anaemia 贫血 - Low in haemoglobin.

Analgesia 镇痛 - The removal of pain while a patient is conscious.

Angina pectoris 心绞痛 - Chest pain.

Anorexia 食欲不振 - Loss of appetite

Anorexia nervosa 厌食症 - An eating disorder characterized by low weight, food restriction, body image disturbance, fear of gaining weight, and an overpowering desire to be thin.

Anxiety 焦虑 - A feeling of worry, unease or nervousness that varies from mild to severe.

Aphasia 失语症 - Difficulty speaking or understanding language; can be due to a stroke, head injury, brain tumour.

Apnoea 呼吸暂停 - A temporary pause in breathing during sleep that can be very brief or can last so long that the amount of oxygen in the blood drops dangerously low.

Arrhythmia 心律失常 - Irregular heart rhythm.

Arthralgia 关节痛 - Joint pain.

Aspergillosis 曲霉病 - An infection caused by Aspergillus, a common mould that lives indoors and outdoors.

Asthma 哮喘 (又称气喘) - A long-term inflammatory disease of the airways to the lungs.

Astringent 收敛剂 - A substance that contracts skin tissues and shrinks pores.

Ataxia 共济失调 - Being unable to control movement; symptoms including shaking and an unsteady walk.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 注意力缺陷/多动症 - A neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by excessive amounts of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that are pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts and otherwise age-inappropriate.

Audiogram 听力图 - A chart that shows a person's ability to hear at different pitches or frequencies.

Autism spectrum disorders 孤独症 (又称自闭症) - A complex developmental condition involving persistent challenges with social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviour.

Benign 良性 - Not cancerous.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) 良性前列腺增生 - A condition in which the prostate gland becomes very enlarged and may cause problems associated with urination; common in male elderly.

Bilateral 双边 - On both sides of the body.

Biopsy 活检 - A small sample of tissue that is taken for testing.

Bipolar disorder 双相情感障碍 - A mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that last from days to weeks each.

Blood glucose level 血糖水平 - Blood sugar concentration.

Bradycardia 心动过缓 - A slowing of the heart rate - typically less than 60 beats per minute for adults.

Bradykinesia 运动迟缓 - Slow movement.

Breastfeeding 母乳喂养 - The process by which human breast milk is fed to a child.

Bromhidrosis 臭汗症 - An unpleasant or offensive body odour.

Bronchiolitis 支气管炎 - Acute inflammatory injury of the bronchioles.

Bruxism 磨牙症 - Teeth grinding.

Bunion 拇囊炎 - Painful bony bump that develops on the inside of the foot at the big toe joint.

Burning mouth syndrome 灼口综合征 - Ongoing (chronic) or recurrent burning in the mouth without an obvious cause.

Cachexia (恶病质，又称消瘦综合征) - Extreme weight loss and muscle wasting due to a chronic illness.

Calluses 胼胝 - Hard, thickened areas of skin that form as a result of friction or pressure on the skin.

Cancer 癌症 - A group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body

Cataract 白内障 - Cloudiness covering the lens in the eye(s)

Cellulitis 蜂窝织炎 - A common bacterial skin infection that causes inflammation, skin discolouration, and pain.

Cerumen 耳垢 （俗称耳屎) - Ear wax.

Chickenpox 水痘 - An infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It causes an itchy rash with small, fluid-filled blisters.

Cholera 霍乱 - An acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

Cholesterol 胆固醇 - The most abundant steroid in animal tissues; circulates in the plasma complexed to proteins of various densities; plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atheroma infection in arteries.

Chronic 慢性 - Signifies a recurring, persistent condition.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) 慢性阻塞性肺疾病 - General term used for those diseases with permanent or temporary narrowing of small bronchi, in which forced expiratory flow is slowed, especially when no aetiologic or other more specific term can be applied. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Cicatrix 疤痕 - The scar of a healed wound.

Cirrhosis 肝硬化 - Scarring (fibrosis) of the liver by long-term liver damage.

Colic 绞痛 - Frequent, prolonged and intense crying or fussiness in a healthy infant.

Common cold 感冒 - A viral infection involving the upper respiratory tract and characterized by congestion of the mucosa, water nasal discharge, and general malaise, with a duration of 3-5 days.

Complications 并发症 - Problems that develop after an operation, treatment or illness.

Congenital 先天性 - Present from born.

Contusion 挫伤 - A bruise typically from impact or force.

Constipation 便秘 - A condition in which bowel movements are infrequent or incomplete.

Contact lenses 隐形眼镜 - A lens that fits over the cornea and sclera or cornea only; used to correct refractive errors.

Contraception 避孕 - Prevention of conception or impregnation.

Corns 鸡眼 - Hard, thickened areas of skin that form as a result of friction or pressure on the skin.

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) 冠状动脉旁路移植术 - A surgical procedure in which damaged sections of the coronary arteries are replaced with new articular of venous grafting to increase rate of cardiac blood flow.

Cough 咳嗽 - A natural reflex that is your body's way of removing irritants from your upper (throat) and lower (lungs) airways.

Cryotherapy 冷冻疗法 - Use of extreme cold to freeze and destroy diseased tissue.

Cystic Fibrosis 囊性纤维化 - An inherited disease that causes sticky mucus to build up in organs like the lungs and pancreas.

Dehydration 脱水 - Is when your body losses more fluid than you take in.

Dengue 登革热 (也称骨痛热症) - A mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus.

Delirium 谵妄 (又称急性意识错乱状态) - Sudden, severe confusion that occurs because of a mental or physical illness.

Delusion 妄想 - A false or irrational belief held by a person despite evidence to the contrary.

Dementia 失智 - A loss of brain function that worsens over time and affects memory, thinking, behaviour and language.

Depression 忧郁症 - A mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.

Dermatitis 皮炎 - A general term for skin inflammation.

Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病 - A metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels.

Diagnosis 诊断 - The process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.

Diaphoresis 发汗 - Excessive sweating.

Diarrhoea 腹泻 - An abnormally frequent discharge of semisolid or fluid faecal matter from the bowel.

Differential diagnosis 鉴别诊断 - The determination of which of two or more diseases with similar symptoms is the one from which the patient is suffering, by a systematic comparison and contrasting of the clinical findings.

Diphtheria 白喉 - A serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart rhythm problems, and even death.

Diplopia 复视 - Double vision; can be due to alcohol or drug toxicity.

Dizziness 平衡异常感 - A term used to describe a range of sensations, such as feeling faint, woozy, weak or unsteady.

Dysentery 痢疾 - Severe diarrhoea, with abdominal pain and bloody stool, usually due to a Shigella infection.

Dysgeusia 味觉障碍 - Bad, bitter or metallic taste in the mouth.

Dyskinesia 运动障碍 - Abnormal, involuntary movements; can be due to levodopa and (to a lesser degree) dopamine agonists.

Dyslexia 阅读障碍 - A learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words

Dysmenorrhea 痛经 - Discomfort and pain during the menstrual period.

Dyspareunia 性交疼痛 - Painful sexual intercourse.

Dyspepsia 消化不良 - Indigestion.

Dysphagia 吞咽困难 - Difficulty swallowing.

Dyspnoea 呼吸困难 - Difficult or laboured breathing.

Dystonia 肌张力障碍 - A disorder in which muscles twitch, causing uncontrollable twisting movements.

Dysuria 排尿困难 - The sensation of pain and/or burning, stinging, or itching of the urethra or urethral meatus associated with urination.

Earache 耳痛 - Ear pain.

Ectopic 异位 - In an abnormal place or position (e.g. ectopic pregnancy).

Eczema 湿疹 - A condition that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin.

Electrocardiography (ECG) 心电图检查 - A simple test that can be used to check your heart's rhythm and electrical activity.

Embolism 栓塞 - An arterial blockage, often caused by a blood clot.

Encephalitis 脑炎 - Inflammation of the brain; can be due to infections.

Endocardium 心内膜 - The inner layer of the wall of the heart.

Endometriosis 子宫内膜异位症 - A disease characterized by the presence of tissue resembling endometrium (the lining of the uterus) outside the uterus.

Endometrium 子宫内膜 - The lining of the uterus.

End-stage renal disease 终末期肾脏疾病 - The last stage of long-term (chronic) kidney disease.

Enuresis 遗尿症 - Involuntary urination (nocturnal enuresis is referred to as bed-wetting).

Epilepsy 癫痫 (俗称羊角风、羊癫风) - Having two or more unprovoked seizures.

Epistaxis 鼻衄 (俗称鼻出血) - Nosebleed.

Erectile dysfunction 勃起功能障碍 (又称阳萎、不举或性无能) - The inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for sex.

Erythema 红斑 - Skin redness.

Euphoria 欣快感 - A feeling of happiness; can be due to opioids.

Exacerbation 恶化 - An acute increase in the severity of a disease.

External otitis 外耳道炎 (俗称游泳耳) - A condition that causes inflammation (redness and swelling) of the external ear canal

Fatigue 疲劳 - A lack of energy.

Febrile 发热 - Feverish; having a high body temperature.

Fibrosis 纤维化 - Scarring in connective tissue.

Flatulence 胀气 - Excess gas in the stomach or intestines that is expelled from the anus.

Floaters 玻璃体混沌、玻璃体浮游物 (俗称飞蚊症)

Fracture 断裂 - Broken bone or cartilage.

Fungi 真菌- Plant-like organisms lacking chlorophyll, such as mushrooms, moulds, yeasts, and mildews.

Gait disorders 步态失调 - Any deviations from normal walking.

Galactagogue 催乳剂 - A substance that promotes breast milk production.

Galactorrhoea 溢乳 - The production of breast milk in men or women who are not breastfeeding.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) 胃食管反流性疾病 (又称胃酸倒流) - A common condition in which the stomach contents move up into the oesophagus.

Gingival 牙龈 - Gum.

Glaucoma 青光眼 - A condition in which the pressure inside the eye is too high, causing eye damage.

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶缺乏症 - A hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down (haemolysis) when the body is exposed to certain foods, drugs, infections or stress.

Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 糖化血红蛋白 (又称糖化血红素) - An effective and objective retrospective marker of blood glucose control over the previous 3 months.

Glycerine enema 开塞露 - A rectal laxative.

Goitre 甲状腺肿 - An enlarged thyroid gland that creates a lump in the neck.

Gout 通风 - A type of arthritis that occurs when extra uric acid in the body forms crystals in the joints.

Gynecomastia 男子乳腺发育 - Breast enlargement in men.

Haematemesis 呕血 - Vomiting blood.

Haematoma 血肿 - Blood that leaks out of blood vessels and collects in the body.

Haematuria 血尿 - Blood in the urine.

Haemodialysis 血液透析 - A procedure where a dialysis machine and a special filter called an artificial kidney, or a dialyzer, are used to clean your blood.

Haemophilia 血友病 - A rare disorder in which the blood doesn't clot in the typical way because it doesn't have enough blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors).

Haemoptysis 咯血 (又称咳血) - Coughing or spitting up blood from the respiratory tract.

Haemorrhage 出血 - Very heavy bleeding.

Haemorrhoid 痔疮 - An enlarged or swollen blood vessel, usually located near the anus or the rectum.

Halitosis 口臭 - Bad breath.

Hallucination 幻觉 - A perception of something that is not really there.

Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD) 手足口症 - A common viral infection that causes painful red blisters in the mouth and throat, and on the hands, feet, and diaper area.

Hearing impairment 听力障碍 - Any decrease in hearing, whether fluctuating or permanent.

Hearing loss 听力损失 - A partial or total inability to hear.

Heart failure 心力衰竭 - A chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs for blood and oxygen.

Helicobacter pylori infection 幽门螺杆菌感染 - A bacterial infection in the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine).

Hepatitis 肝炎 - Inflammation of the liver.

Hernia 疝 - Protrusion of part of an organ through that muscle that surrounds it.

Hiccup 呃逆 (俗称打嗝) - Involuntary contractions of the diaphragm.

Hirsutism 女性多毛症 - Male-pattern hair growth in women.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 人类免疫缺陷病毒 - A virus that attacks the body's immune system.

Hyperhidrosis 多汗症 - Excessive sweating.

Hyperopia 远视 - Farsightedness.

Hypertension 高血压 - High blood pressure.

Hypertensive Emergencies 高血压急症 - An acute, marked elevation in blood pressure that is associated with signs of target-organ damage.

Hyperthyroidism 甲状腺功能亢进症 (甲亢) - Overactive thyroid.

Hypoxia 缺氧 - When all or part of the body does not get enough oxygen.

Hypothyroidism 甲状腺功能减退症(甲减) - Underactive thyroid.

Iatrogenic 医源性 - Complications or poor effects caused by medical treatment.

Ichthyosis 鱼鳞病 - A condition that causes widespread and persistent thick, dry, "fish-scale" skin.

Idiopathic 特发性 - A condition or disease of unknown origin.

Immunization 免疫接种 - A process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through vaccination.

Impetigo 脓疱疮 - A skin infection caused by one or both of the following bacteria: group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.

Incontinence 失禁 - Involuntary passing of urine or faeces.

Incubation period 潜伏期 - The time between when a person is exposed to an infection and when symptoms appear.

Infertility 不孕症 - Not being able to get pregnant (conceive) after one year (or longer) of unprotected sex.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 炎症性肠病 - A term for two conditions (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Influenza 流感 - A contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs.

Ingrown toenail 趾甲内生 - A common condition in which the corner or side of a toenail grows into the soft flesh.

Inguinal 腹股沟 - Relating to or near the groin.

Insulin 胰岛素 - A hormone secreted by the β­cells of the pancreas that controls the metabolism and cellular uptake of sugars, proteins, and fats. As a drug it is used principally to treat diabetes mellitus.

Intrapartum 产时 - During birth.

Insomnia 失眠 - The inability to fall asleep or remain asleep long enough to feel rested.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 肠易激综合征 - A functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habit in the absence of a specific and unique organic pathology.

Ischemia 缺血 - An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body.

Jaundice 黄疸 (又称黄胆，俗称黄病) - A condition in which the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes turn yellow.

Kawasaki Disease 川崎 - An acute febrile illness of unknown cause that primarily affects children younger than 5 years of age.

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 干性角结膜炎 - Dry eyes.

Leprosy 麻风 - A long-term infection by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.

Leptospirosis 钩端螺旋体病 - An infectious disease of humans and animals that is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira.

Lesion 病灶 - Wound, sore or cut.

Leukaemia 白血病 - Cancers of the white blood cells, which begin in the bone marrow.

Libido 性欲 - Sexual desire.

Lice 虱 - Tiny, wingless insects that feed on human blood.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 低密度脂蛋白 - Bad cholesterol.

Lyophilized 冻干的 - Freeze-dried.

Malaise 身体不适 - A general feeling of discomfort of illness.

Malaria 疟疾 - An acute febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are spread to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.

Malignant 恶性的 - Cancerous.

Measles 麻疹 - A highly contagious infectious disease caused by measles virus.

Melasma 黄褐斑 - Skin hyperpigmentation, as dark spots.

Meniere disease 梅尼埃病 - A disorder of the inner ear that can lead to dizzy spells (vertigo) and hearing loss.

Meningitis 脑膜炎 - An inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

Menorrhagia 月经过多 - Heavy menstrual bleeding.

Menopause 绝经 - The point when you no longer have menstrual periods.

Metastasis 癌扩散 - The spread of cancer cells from the primary site to another part of the body.

Miliaria 汗疹 (又称痱、粟疹、粟粒疹，熱痱) - Heat rash.

Morbidity 发病率 - Disease.

Mortality 死亡率 - Death.

Mumps 腮腺炎 - An acute, self-limited, systemic viral illness characterized by the swelling of one or more of the salivary glands, typically the parotid glands.

Myalgias 肌痛 - Muscle pain.

Mydriasis 瞳孔散大 - Pupil dilation.

Myocardial infarction (MI) 急性心肌梗死 - Heart attack; happens when one or more areas of the heart muscle do not get enough oxygen.

Myelosuppression 骨髓抑制 - Bone marrow suppression; usually due to chemotherapy drugs.

Myopathy 肌病 - Muscle damage.

Myopia 近视 - Near sightedness.

Narcolepsy 发作性睡病 - A sleep disorder that causes extreme sleepiness and uncontrollable sleep attacks, making a person fall asleep at inappropriate times during the day.

Nasal congestion 鼻塞 - Stuffy nose.

Nasal polyps 皮息肉 - Soft, painless, noncancerous growths on the lining of your nasal passages or sinuses.

Nausea 恶心 - An uneasiness of the stomach that often accompanies the urge to vomit, but doesn't always lead to vomiting.

Neoadjuvant therapy 新辅助治疗 - A helper treatment given before a primary treatment is started.

Necrosis 坏疽 - The death of all or most of the cells in a part of the body.

Neonate 新生儿 - A new-born infant, that is <28 days of age.

Neuropathy 神经病 - Nerve damage.

Neutropenia 中性粒细胞减少症 - An abnormally low number of white blood cells.

Nightmare 梦魇 (俗称鬼压床) - A disturbing dream associated with negative feelings, such as anxiety or fear that awakens you.

Night terrors 夜惊 - A sleep disorder in which a person quickly awakens from sleep in a terrified state.

Nonadherence 不依从性 - When patients do not take their medications as prescribed.

Nosocomial 院内 - Hospital-acquired.

Nocturia 夜尿症 - Waking up more than once during the night to urinate.

Nystagmus 眼球震颤 - Repetitive, uncontrolled movements of the eyes; can be due to phenytoin toxicity.

Obesity 肥胖 - A body weight that is much higher than is healthy (BMI of 30 or more).

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 强迫症 - A common mental health condition where a person has obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours.

Occlusion 阻塞 - The closing or blocking of a hollow organ or body part.

Oedema 水肿 - Swelling caused by fluid accumulation.

Oliguria 少尿 - Low urine output.

Onychomycosis 甲真菌病 (又称甲癣) - Toenail fungus.

Oral rehydration salt 口服补液盐 - A mixture of electrolytes (salts) and carbohydrates (in the form of sugar) dissolved in water.

Orthopnoea 端坐呼吸 - Shortness of breath when lying fat.

Orthostasis 体位法 - A decrease in blood pressure that happens soon after standing; postural hypotension.

Osteoarthritis 骨关节炎 - Occurs when the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in your joints gradually deteriorates.

Osteoporosis 骨质疏松症 - Low bone density; the bones are porous (full of holes) and brittle.

Osteomyelitis 骨髓炎 - Infection inside the bone.

Otalgia 耳痛 - Ear pain.

Otitis 耳炎 - Inflammation of the ear.

Otorrhea 耳漏 - Middle ear effusion/fluid, indicates infection.

Palliative care 姑息治疗 - Treatment that relieves the symptoms of a serious illness but does not cure the disease itself.

Pallor 苍白 - Pale skin colour.

Palpitation 心悸 - Sensation that the heart is beating rapidly or irregularly.

Pancreatitis 胰腺炎 - Inflammation of the pancreas.

Paraesthesia 感觉异常 - A burning, prickling or "pins and needles" sensation.

Parasomnias 异态睡眠 - Unusual actions while sleeping, such as sleepwalking.

Parkinson's disease 巴金森病 - A brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination.

Paronychia 甲沟炎 - Nail inflammation that may result from trauma, irritation or infection.

Passive immunity 被动免疫 - The transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies.

Pathophysiology 病理生理 - The physiology of abnormal states.

Pediculosis 脚癣 - Lice infestation (head and/or body).

Pegylation 聚乙二醇化 - Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a compound to reduce toxicity or increase half-life.

Perforation 穿孔 - A hole, such as an ulcer, in an organ or tissue.

Perinatal 围产期 - The time immediately before and after birth.

Peristalsis 蠕动 - Wave-like muscle movement that pushes food through the gastrointestinal tract.

Peritoneal dialysis 腹膜透析 - A treatment for kidney failure that uses the lining of your abdomen, or belly, to filter your blood inside your body.

Pertussis 百日咳 - Whooping cough.

Pharmacodynamics 药效学 - The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs.

Pharmacokinetics 药代动力学 - The study of how an organism affects a drug (i.e. absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination)

Pharyngitis 咽炎 - Sore throat.

Photophobia 畏光 - Sensitivity to light, often experienced during a migraine attack.

Placebo 安慰剂 - A false or inactive medication or treatment that may still offer relief despite ineffective.

Pneumonia 肺炎 - Lung infection.

Polydipsia 烦渴 (异常的口渴) - Extreme thirst.

Polyp 息肉 - An abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane.

Polyphagia 多食 - Excessive hunger or increased appetite.

Polyuria 多尿 - Excessive urination.

Priapism 异常勃起 - Prolonged erection > 4 hours.

Prognosis 预后 - The predicted outcome of disease progression and treatment.

Prophylaxis 预防 - Preventing a condition or drug side effect.

Proteinuria 蛋白尿 - A high level of protein in urine.

Pruritus 瘙痒症 - Itching.

Psoriasis 银屑病 (又称白疕、牛皮癣) - A skin disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp.

Puberty 青春期 - The time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature.

Pulmonary 肺 - Pertaining to the lungs.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) 肺栓塞 - Occurs when a blood clot gets stuck in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung.

Pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压 - High blood pressure in the blood vessels leading from the heart to the lungs.

Pyrexia 发热 - Fever.

Radiograph 射线照相 - Another name for an x-ray.

Rash 皮疹 - Any area of irritated or swollen skin on your body.

Recurrent 经常性的 - To occur again.

Relapse 复发 - Return of disease or symptoms after a patient has recovered.

Remission 缓解 - A lessening in the severity of a disease and its symptoms.

Renal 肾 - Pertaining to kidneys.

Renal replacement therapy 肾脏替代治疗 - Therapy that replaces the normal blood-filtering function of the kidneys.

Rhabdomyolysis 横纹肌溶解 - A complex medical condition involving the rapid dissolution of damaged or injured skeletal muscle.

Rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿关节炎 - A type of arthritis where your immune system attacks the tissue lining the joints on both sides of your body.

Rhinitis 鼻炎 - Inflammation and swelling in the nose.

Rhinorrhoea 鼻漏 - Runny nose, due to excessive mucus.

Rigor 发冷 - Shivering, in which the patient feels cold but the body temperature is hot.

Rubella 风疹 - A contagious viral infection best known by its distinctive red rash.

Scabies 疥疮 - An infestation of the skin by the human itch mite

Schizophrenia 精神分裂症 - A serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behaviour that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling.

Scoliosis 脊柱侧弯 - An abnormal lateral, or sideways, curvature of the spine.

Seizure 惊厥 (俗称抽筋、抽风、惊风、抽搐) - A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain.

Sepsis 败血症 - A life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection

Short bowel syndrome 短肠综合征 - A complex disease that occurs due to the physical loss or the loss of function of a portion of the small and/or large intestine.

Sialorrhea 流涎 - Hypersalivation; can be due to Parkinson disease.

Signs 体征 - An objective, observable phenomenon that can be identified by another person.

Sinusitis 鼻窦炎 - An inflammation of the sinuses that can cause them to get blocked and filled with fluid. It is usually caused by cold or allergies.

Skin tags 皮赘 - Small, soft, skin-coloured growths on your skin.

Somnambulism 梦游 - Sleepwalking.

Somniloquy 梦话 - Talking in one's sleep.

Somnolence 睡意 - Sedation.

Sore throat 咽喉痛 - Pain, scratchiness or irritation of the throat that often worsens when you swallow.

Spasm 痉挛 - An involuntary muscle contraction.

Stat 立刻 - Immediately.

Steatosis 脂肪肝 - Fatty liver.

Steatorrhea 脂肪泻 - Fat globules in the faeces due to reduced intestinal fat absorption.

Stoma 造口 - An opening on the abdomen that can be connected to either your digestive or urinary system to allow waste (urine or faeces) to be diverted out of your body.

Stool incontinence 大便失禁 - Not being able to control bowel movements.

Striae 条纹 - Stretch marks on the skin; can be due to gaining weight quickly or pregnancy.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss 突发性特发性感音神经性聋 (简称突聋) - An unexplained, rapid loss of hearing either all at once or over a few days.

Sunburn 晒伤 - An inflammatory reaction to ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage to the skin's outermost layers.

Symptoms 症状 - The subjective experience of a potential health issue, which cannot be observed by a doctor

Syncope 晕厥 - Temporary loss of consciousness caused by a quick drop in blood pressure.

Synergy 协同作用 - An effect greater than the sum of the parts.

Syphilis 梅毒 - A sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 系统性红斑狼疮

Tachycardia 心动过速 - An abnormally fast heartbeat, usually above 100 beats per minute.

Tachyphylaxis 快速耐受 - Reduced response to the effect of a drug.

Tape worm 绦虫 - A flat, parasitic worm that lives in the intestines of an animal host.

Teething 牙齿萌出 - When teeth first come through a baby's gums.

Teratogenic 致畸性 - A drug that will cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy.

Tetanus 破伤风 - A bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani, and is characterized by muscle spasms.

Thalassemia 地中海贫血 - An inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less haemoglobin than normal.

Thoracic 胸椎 - Pertaining to the chest.

Thrombolysis 溶栓 - Breaking up a blood clot.

Thrombocytopenia 血小板减少症 - Reduced platelets.

Tinea capitis 头皮癣 - An itchy condition of the scalp caused by a fungal infection.

Tinea corporis (body ringworm) 体癣 - Superficial fungal infection of the skin that can affect any part of the body.

Tinea pedis 足癣 (俗称脚气、香港脚) - Athlete's foot.

Tinea versicolor 花斑癣 (俗称汗斑) - A fungal infection that causes small patches of discoloured spots on your skin.

Tinnitus 耳鸣 - Ringing in the ears.

Topical 外用 - Medicine applied to the skin externally.

Toxoplasmosis 弓形虫病 - A parasitic infection that causes flu-like symptoms. It can be spread by eating raw or undercooked meats or shellfish, consuming contaminated food and water, or through contact with cat faeces.

Transplant 移植 - The transfer of living tissue from one organism to another.

Triage 分诊 - A system for prioritizing patient's needs based on the severity of their condition.

Triglyceride 甘油三酯 - A type of blood fat; an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (from tri- and glyceride).

Trigger finger 扳机指 (也称弹弓手) - A painful condition that makes your fingers or thumb catch or lock when you bend them.

Trichomoniasis 毛滴虫病 - A very common sexually transmitted disease caused by infection with Trichomonas vaginalis.

Tuberculosis (TB) 结核 - A potentially serious infectious disease caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, that mainly affects the lungs.

Tumour 肿瘤 - A swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant.

Tympanic membrane 鼓膜 - Eardrum.

Unilateral 单边 - On one side of the body.

Uraemia 尿毒症 - A build-up of urea (a nitrogen waste product) in the blood; can be due to kidney failure.

Uric acid 尿酸 - A chemical created when the body breaks down substances called purines.

Urinary frequency 尿频 - The need to urinate many times during the day, at night or both but in normal or less-than-normal volumes.

Urinary incontinence 尿失禁 - Unintentional passing of urine.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) 尿路感染 - Microbial infection, usually bacterial, of any part of the urinary tract.

Urinary urgency 尿急 - The sudden and uncontrollable need to urinate or defecate.

Urolithiasis 泌尿系结石 (尿石症) - Kidney/bladder stones which are very painful to pass.

Urticaria 荨麻疹 (俗称风团或风疹块) - Hives. Raised, itchy areas of skin.

Uveitis 虹彩炎 - Inflammation of the pigmented part of the iris (the iris); may seriously affect vision.

Vasculitis 血管炎 - Inflammation of the blood vessels.

Vertigo 眩晕 - Dizziness; often a spinning sensation or a feeling that the ground is tilting.

Vitiligo 白癜风 (也称白斑症、白蚀症) - A disease that causes loss of skin colour in patches.

Vomiting 呕吐 - The forcible voluntary or involuntary emptying ("throwing up") of stomach contents through the mouth.

Warts 疣 (俗称瘊子、鱼鳞刺) - Skin growths that caused by the human papillomavirus.

Wheezing 哮鸣 - To breathe with difficulty and noisily.

Xerostomia 口干症 - Dry mouth.

Zoonotic disease 动物源性感染病 - A disease that is transmissible from animals to humans.



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